Literary Definitions | Literary Forms | Poetry Terms|Literary Devices –5

LITERARY FROMS :Welcome to Part 5 of our series on literary definitions, poetry terms, and literary terms for UGC NET, SET, PGT, TGT, LT Grade, GATE English, and other competitive exams. This guide introduces 50 new literary terms in simple language, designed for exam success. Each term includes a definition, example, exam relevance, originator or key figure, famous poets or writers, and additional details, Perfect for students, educators, and literature enthusiasts, this post boosts your literary terminology and English literature quiz performance!

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Explore these types of literary terms to excel in your exams. Missed earlier parts? Visit Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, or Part 4.

Table of Contents

201. Alliteration

Definition: Repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely positioned words.

Example: “She sells seashells” in tongue twisters or Anglo-Saxon poetry like Beowulf (c. 1000).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to poetic sound devices.

Originator: No single coiner; from oral traditions.

Famous Poets/Writers: Anonymous (Beowulf), Gerard Manley Hopkins.

Additional Details: Enhances rhythm and mood. Exams test its use in Old English poetry or Hopkins’ Pied Beauty (1877). Key texts include Anglo-Saxon works.

202. Anacoluthon

Definition: A sudden break in sentence structure, shifting to a new construction.

Example: “I was going to—well, never mind” in Joyce’s Ulysses (1922).

Exam Relevance: Asked in M.A. entrance exams, linked to modernist style.

Originator: No single coiner; from classical rhetoric.

Famous Poets/Writers: James Joyce, William Faulkner.

Additional Details: Mimics thought patterns. Exams test its use in stream-of-consciousness narratives. Key texts include Finnegans Wake.

203. Anaphora

Definition: Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.

Example: “I have a dream” in King’s speech (1963).

Exam Relevance: Common in TGT and B.Ed exams, linked to rhetoric.

Originator: No single coiner; from classical rhetoric.

Famous Poets/Writers: Martin Luther King Jr., Walt Whitman.

Additional Details: Builds emphasis. Exams test its use in oratory or Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (1855). Key texts include speeches.

204. Anthropomorphism

Definition: Attributing human characteristics to animals or objects, often in narratives.

Example: Talking animals in Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945).

Exam Relevance: Asked in PGT and SET, linked to allegory.

Originator: No single coiner; from fable traditions.

Famous Poets/Writers: George Orwell, Aesop.

Additional Details: Differs from personification (broader). Exams test its role in satire. Key texts include Animal Farm.

205. Antithesis

Definition: Juxtaposing contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.

Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times” in Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities (1859).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in UGC NET and TGT, linked to rhetoric.

Originator: No single coiner; from classical rhetoric.

Famous Poets/Writers: Charles Dickens, Alexander Pope.

Additional Details: Highlights contrast. Exams test its use in essays or Pope’s Essay on Man (1733). Key texts include Victorian novels.

206. Ballad

Definition: A narrative poem, often with a simple meter and refrain, telling a story.

Example: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Coleridge (1798).

Exam Relevance: Common in UGC NET and SET, linked to Romantic poetry.

Originator: No single coiner; from medieval folk traditions.

Famous Poets/Writers: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Anonymous (Sir Patrick Spens).

Additional Details: Often sung. Exams test its narrative structure. Key texts include Lyrical Ballads.

207. Blank Verse

Definition: Unrhymed iambic pentameter poetry.

Example: Milton’s Paradise Lost (1667).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to epic poetry.

Originator: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (16th century).

Famous Poets/Writers: John Milton, William Shakespeare.

Additional Details: Mimics natural speech. Exams test its use in Hamlet (1600). Key texts include Renaissance drama.

208. Canto

Definition: A major division of a long poem, like a chapter.

Example: The 100 cantos in Dante’s Divine Comedy (1320).

Exam Relevance: Asked in SET and M.A. entrance exams, linked to epic poetry.

Originator: No single coiner; from Italian poetry.

Famous Poets/Writers: Dante Alighieri, Lord Byron.

Additional Details: Organizes narrative. Exams test its role in Don Juan (1819). Key texts include Inferno.

209. Catalog

Definition: A list of items, people, or events in poetry, often for emphasis.

Example: The ship list in Whitman’s Song of Myself (1855).

Exam Relevance: Appears in UGC NET and SET, linked to epic or free verse.

Originator: No single coiner; from Homeric poetry.

Famous Poets/Writers: Walt Whitman, Homer.

Additional Details: Creates expansiveness. Exams test its use in Iliad (8th century BCE). Key texts include Leaves of Grass.

210. Catharsis

Definition: Emotional purification or release experienced by an audience.

Example: The pity and fear in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex (c. 429 BCE).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in UGC NET and GATE English, linked to tragedy.

Originator: Aristotle (Poetics, c. 335 BCE).

Famous Poets/Writers: Sophocles, Arthur Miller.

Additional Details: Central to tragedy. Exams test its effect in Death of a Salesman (1949). Key texts include Greek drama.

211. Conceit

Definition: An extended, ingenious metaphor comparing dissimilar things.

Example: Donne’s compass in “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning” (1633).

Exam Relevance: Common in UGC NET and SET, linked to metaphysical poetry.

Originator: No single coiner; popularized by Petrarch.

Famous Poets/Writers: John Donne, George Herbert.

Additional Details: Intellectual and elaborate. Exams test its use in Donne’s works. Key texts include Songs and Sonnets.

212. Couplet

Definition: Two consecutive rhyming lines of poetry.

Example: “True wit is nature to advantage dressed, / What oft was thought, but ne’er so well expressed” in Pope’s Essay on Criticism (1711).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to poetic form.

Originator: No single coiner; from medieval poetry.

Famous Poets/Writers: Alexander Pope, William Shakespeare.

Additional Details: Often concludes sonnets. Exams test its use in Hero and Leander (1598). Key texts include 18th-century poetry.

213. Dramatic Monologue

Definition: A poem where a single speaker addresses an implied audience.

Example: Browning’s My Last Duchess (1842).

Exam Relevance: Asked in UGC NET and M.A. entrance exams, linked to Victorian poetry.

Originator: Popularized by Robert Browning.

Famous Poets/Writers: Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson.

Additional Details: Reveals character psychology. Exams test its use in Porphyria’s Lover. Key texts include Dramatic Lyrics.

214. Eclogue

Definition: A pastoral poem featuring shepherds in dialogue.

Example: Virgil’s Eclogues (c. 39 BCE).

Exam Relevance: Appears in SET and M.A. entrance exams, linked to classical poetry.

Originator: Theocritus (3rd century BCE).

Famous Poets/Writers: Virgil, Edmund Spenser.

Additional Details: Idealizes rural life. Exams test its use in The Shepheardes Calender (1579). Key texts include pastoral works.

215. Epanaphora

Definition: Repetition of a word at the start of successive clauses (synonym for anaphora).

Example: “Every day, every night, every moment” in Dickens’ Bleak House (1853).

Exam Relevance: Asked in TGT and B.Ed exams, linked to rhetorical devices.

Originator: No single coiner; from classical rhetoric.

Famous Poets/Writers: Charles Dickens, Abraham Lincoln.

Additional Details: Adds rhythm. Exams test its use in prose or speeches. Key texts include Victorian novels.

216. Epistolary Novel

Definition: A novel written as a series of letters, diaries, or correspondence.

Example: Richardson’s Pamela (1740).

Exam Relevance: Asked in SET and PGT exams, linked to 18th-century fiction.

Originator: Samuel Richardson.

Famous Poets/Writers: Samuel Richardson, Frances Burney.

Additional Details: Offers intimate narrative. Exams test its structure in Clarissa (1748). Key texts include early novels.

217. Epitaph

Definition: A short poem or inscription honoring the deceased.

Example: “Here lies one whose name was writ in water” for Keats (1821).

Exam Relevance: Appears in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to elegiac poetry.

Originator: No single coiner; from ancient inscriptions.

Famous Poets/Writers: John Keats, Ben Jonson.

Additional Details: Concise and poignant. Exams test its tone in Romantic poetry. Key texts include epitaphs by Jonson.

218. Free Verse

Definition: Poetry without regular meter or rhyme.

Example: Whitman’s Song of Myself (1855).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in UGC NET and SET, linked to modernist poetry.

Originator: Popularized by Walt Whitman.

Famous Poets/Writers: Walt Whitman, T.S. Eliot.

Additional Details: Emphasizes natural rhythms. Exams test its use in The Waste Land (1922). Key texts include modernist works.

219. Haiku

Definition: A Japanese poem with a 5-7-5 syllable structure, often capturing a moment in nature.

Example: Bashō’s “An old silent pond / A frog jumps into the pond— / Splash! Silence again” (1686).

Exam Relevance: Asked in M.A. entrance exams, linked to world literature.

Originator: Matsuo Bashō.

Famous Poets/Writers: Matsuo Bashō, Ezra Pound.

Additional Details: Evokes transience. Exams test its form in Japanese poetry. Key texts include Bashō’s haiku collections.

220. Heroic Verse

Definition: Rhymed iambic pentameter couplets used for epic or narrative poetry.

Example: Dryden’s Annus Mirabilis (1667).

Exam Relevance: Appears in SET and PGT exams, linked to Restoration poetry.

Originator: No single coiner; popularized by Geoffrey Chaucer.

Famous Poets/Writers: John Dryden, Alexander Pope.

Additional Details: Formal and elevated. Exams test its use in The Rape of the Lock (1712). Key texts include 18th-century poetry.

221. Hyperbole

Definition: Exaggeration for dramatic or humorous effect.

Example: “I’ve told you a million times” in Marlowe’s Tamburlaine (1587).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and SET, linked to figurative language.

Originator: No single coiner; from classical rhetoric.

Famous Poets/Writers: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare.

Additional Details: Amplifies emotion. Exams test its use in Elizabethan drama. Key texts include Doctor Faustus.

222. Idyll

Definition: A short poem depicting peaceful, idealized rural life.

Example: Tennyson’s Idylls of the King (1859).

Exam Relevance: Asked in UGC NET and SET, linked to Victorian poetry.

Originator: Theocritus (3rd century BCE).

Famous Poets/Writers: Alfred Tennyson, Virgil.

Additional Details: Romanticizes nature. Exams test its themes in pastoral works. Key texts include Eclogues.

223. Imagery

Definition: Vivid descriptive language appealing to the senses.

Example: “A host of golden daffodils” in Wordsworth’s I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (1807).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in UGC NET and TGT, linked to poetic devices.

Originator: No single coiner; from literary tradition.

Famous Poets/Writers: William Wordsworth, John Keats.

Additional Details: Creates mental pictures. Exams test its use in Romantic poetry. Key texts include Ode on a Grecian Urn.

224. Intertextuality

Definition: A text’s reference to or dialogue with another text.

ExampleThe Waste Land (1922).

Exam Relevance: Asked in M.A. entrance exams, linked to modernist literature.

Originator: Julia Kristeva (coined term, 1966).

Famous Poets/Writers: T.S. Eliot, James Joyce.

Additional Details: Enriches meaning. Exams test its use in Ulysses (1922). Key texts include postmodern works.

225. Kenning

Definition: A compound metaphor used in Old English poetry, often in place of a noun.

Example: “Whale-road” for sea in Beowulf* (*Beowulf*, c. 1000).

Exam Relevance: Appears in TGT exams, linked to LT Grade exams, linked to Anglo-Saxon poetry.

Originator: No single coiner; or from single Old English tradition; from Anglo-Saxon poetry.

Famous Poets/Writers: Anonymous (Beowulf), Seamus Heaney.

Additional Details: Adds poetic imagery. Exams test its use in epic poetry. Key texts include Beowulf.

226. Lament

Definition: A poetic expression of grief or sorrow in poetry.

Example: Shelley’s Adonais (1821) for Keats.

Exam Relevance: Asked in UGC NET and SET, linked to elegiac poetry.

Originator: No single coiner; from ancient poetry.

Famous Poets/Writers: Percy Bysshe Shelley, W.H. Auden.

Additional Details: Emotional and mournful. Exams test its tone in Romantic poetry. Key texts include Adonais.

227. Metaphor

Definition: A figure of speech comparing two unlike things without “like” or “as.”

Example: “Life is a journey” in prose or Shakespeare’s sonnets.

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and SET, linked to figurative language.

Originator: No single coiner; from classical rhetoric.

Famous Poets/Writers: William Shakespeare, Emily Dickinson.

Additional Details: Creates vivid comparisons. Exams test its imagery in Sonnet 18 (1609). Key texts include poetry collections.

228. Metre

Definition: The rhythmic structure of a poem based on stressed and unstressed syllables.

Example: Iambic pentameter in Shakespeare’s Hamlet (1600).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to prosody.

Originator: No single coiner; from classical poetics.

Famous Poets/Writers: William Shakespeare, John Milton.

Additional Details: Defines poetic form. Exams test scansion in blank verse. Key texts include Paradise Lost.

229. Monody

Definition: A poem where a single speaker laments, often for the dead.

Example: Milton’s Lycidas (1637).

Exam Relevance: Asked in SET and M.A. entrance exams, linked to pastoral elegy.

Originator: No single coiner; from Greek poetry.

Famous Poets/Writers: John Milton, Matthew Arnold.

Additional Details: Personal and mournful. Exams test its themes in Lycidas. Key texts include 17th-century poetry.

230. Narrative Poem

Definition: A poem that tells a story with characters and plot.

Example: Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812).

Exam Relevance: Asked in UGC NET and SET, linked to Romantic poetry.

Originator: No single coiner; from oral traditions.

Famous Poets/Writers: Lord Byron, Geoffrey Chaucer.

Additional Details: Combines lyric and epic. Exams test its narrative in The Canterbury Tales (1387). Key texts include Romantic works.

231. Ode

Definition: A lyric poem with elevated language, often addressing a person or thing.

Example: Keats’ Ode to a Nightingale (1819).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in UGC NET and SET, linked to Romantic poetry.

Originator: Pindar (ancient Greece); Horace in English.

Famous Poets/Writers: John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Additional Details: Expressive and structured. Exams test its form in Keats’ odes. Key texts include Ode on a Grecian Urn.

232. Onomatopoeia

Definition: Words that imitate the sounds they describe.

Example: “Crash” and “bang” in Tennyson’s Charge of the Light Brigade (1854).

Exam Relevance: Appears in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to sound devices.

Originator: No single coiner; from literary tradition.

Famous Poets/Writers: Alfred Tennyson, Edgar Allan Poe.

Additional Details: Enhances sensory appeal. Exams test its use in The Bells (1849). Key texts include Victorian poetry.

233. Palinode

Definition: A poem retracting or contradicting a previous statement.

Example: Chaucer’s retraction in The Canterbury Tales (1387).

Exam Relevance: Rare, appears in SET, linked to medieval literature.

Originator: Stesichorus (7th century BCE).

Famous Poets/Writers: Geoffrey Chaucer, Ovid.

Additional Details: Shows humility. Exams test its use in Chaucer’s works. Key texts include Troilus and Criseyde.

234. Picaresque Novel

Definition: A novel following a rogue’s adventures in episodic form.

Example: Defoe’s Moll Flanders (1722).

Exam Relevance: Asked in UGC NET and SET, linked to 18th-century fiction.

Originator: No single author; from Spanish literature (Lazarillo de Tormes, 1554).

Famous Authors/Writers: Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding.

Additional Details: Satirical and realistic. Exams test its structure in Tom Jones (1749). Key texts include early novels.

235. Quatrain

Definition: A four-line stanza with various rhyme schemes.

Example: The stanzas in Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to poetic forms.

Originator: No single coiner; from medieval poetry.

Famous Poets/Writers: Thomas Gray, William Shakespeare.

Additional Details: Versatile form. Exams test its use in elegies. Key texts include 18th-century poetry.

236. Rhyme

Definition: The repetition of similar sounds at the end of lines in poetry.

Example: “June” and “moon” in Blake’s Songs of Innocence (1789).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to poetic structure.

Originator: No single coiner; from poetic tradition.

Famous Poets/Writers: William Blake, Robert Burns.

Additional Details: Creates musicality. Exams test its schemes (e.g., AABB). Key texts include Romantic poetry.

237. Rhythm

Definition: The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in language or poetry.

Example: The iambic flow in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 (1609).

Exam Relevance: Appears in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to prosody.

Originator: No single coiner; from literary tradition.

Famous Poets/Writers: William Shakespeare, John Donne.

Additional Details: Shapes poetic flow. Exams test its analysis in sonnets. Key texts include Renaissance poetry.

238. Sestina

Definition: A complex poem with six stanzas of six lines, using repeated end-words in a rotating pattern.

Example: Elizabeth Bishop’s Sestina, (1965).

Exam Relevance: Asked in M.A. entrance exams, linked to modern poetry.

Originator: Arnaut Daniel (12th century).

Famous Poets/Writers: Elizabeth Bishop, Dante Alighieri.

Additional Details: Tests poetic skill. Exams test its structure in modernist works. Key texts include Bishop’s poems.

239. Simile

Definition: Comparison of two unlike things using “like” or “as.”

Example: “My love is like a red, red rose” in Burns’ A Red, Red Rose (1794).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and SET, linked to figurative language.

Originator: No single coiner; or from literary tradition.

Famous Poets/Writers: Robert Burns, William Shakespeare.

Additional Details: Clarifies imagery. Exams test its use in lyric poetry. Key texts include Romantic poetry.

240. Sonnet

Definition: 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme, often about love or nature.

Example: Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 (“Shall I compare thee to a Summer’s Day?”) (1609).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in UGC NET and TGT, linked to Renaissance and poetry.

Originator: Giacomo da Lentini (13th century).

Famous Poets/Writers: William Shakespeare, Petrarch.

Additional Details: Includes Petrarchan or Shakespearean forms. Exams test its structure. Key texts include Shakespeare’s sonnets.

241. Stanza

Definition: A grouped set of lines in a poem, like a paragraph.

Example: The quatrains in Fitzgerald’s The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to poetic form.

Originator: No single coiner; from poetic tradition.

Famous Poets/Writers: Edward FitzGerald, Alfred Tennyson.

Additional Details: Organizes thought. Exams test its types (e.g., tercet). Key texts include Victorian poetry.

242. Stream of Consciousness

Definition: A narrative style mimicking the flow of a character’s thoughts.

Example: Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway (1925).

Exam Relevance: Asked in UGC NET and M.A. entrance exams, linked to modernism.

Originator: Popularized by William James; applied by Joyce.

Famous Poets/Writers: Virginia Woolf, James Joyce.

Additional Details: Internal and fluid. Exams test its use in Ulysses (1922). Key texts include modernist novels.

243. Spondee

Definition: A metrical foot with two stressed syllables.

Example: “Heartbreak” in Hopkins’ God’s Grandeur (1877).

Exam Relevance: Appears in TGT and LT Grade exams, linked to scansion.

Originator: No single coiner; from classical prosody.

Famous Poets/Writers: Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Browning.

Additional Details: Adds emphasis. Exams test its use in sprung rhythm. Key texts include Hopkins’ poetry.

244. Synecdoche

Definition: Using a part to represent the whole or vice versa.

Example: “All hands on deck” for sailors in naval narratives.

Exam Relevance: Frequent in TGT and SET, linked to figurative language.

Originator: No single coiner; from classical rhetoric.

Famous Poets/Writers: William Shakespeare, Ezra Pound.

Additional Details: Differs from metonymy. Exams test its use in Cantons. Key texts include modernist poetry.

245. Tautology

Definition: Redundant repetition of an idea in different words.

Example: “Free gift” in advertising or Shakespeare’s prose.

Exam Relevance: Asked in TGT and B.Ed exams, linked to style.

Originator: No single coiner; from rhetoric.

Famous Poets/Writers: William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens.

Additional Details: Emphasizes ideas. Exams test its effect in Great Expectations (1861). Key texts include Victorian prose.

246. Tercet

Definition: A three-line stanza or poetic unit.

Example: The stanzas in Dante’s Divine Comedy (1320, terza rima).

Exam Relevance: Appears in SET and M.A. entrance exams, linked to poetic form.

Originator: No single coiner; from Italian poetry.

Famous Poets/Writers: Dante Alighieri, Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Additional Details: Often rhymed. Exams test its use in Inferno. Key texts include epic poetry.

247. Tone

Definition: The author’s attitude toward the subject or audience.

Example: The ironic tone in Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (1813).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in UGC NET and SET, linked to analysis.

Originator: No single coiner; from literary criticism.

Famous Poets/Writers: Jane Austen, Jonathan Swift.

Additional Details: Shapes reader response. Exams test its role in satire. Key texts include Emma.

248. Tragedy

Definition: A dramatic work depicting a protagonist’s downfall due to flaws or fate.

Example: Shakespeare’s Hamlet (1600).

Exam Relevance: Frequent in UGC NET and GATE English, linked to drama.

Originator: No single coiner; from Greek theater.

Famous Poets/Writers: William Shakespeare, Sophocles.

Additional Details: Involves catharsis. Exams test its elements in Oedipus Rex. Key texts include tragedies.

249. Villanelle

Definition: A 19-line poem with five tercets and a quatrain, using two refrains and two repeating rhymes.

Example: Dylan Thomas’ Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night (1951).

Exam Relevance: Asked in M.A. entrance exams, linked to modern poetry.

Originator: No single coiner; from French poetry.

Famous Poets/Writers: Dylan Thomas, Elizabeth Bishop.

Additional Details: Complex form. Exams test its structure. Key texts include Thomas’ poems.

250. Voice

Definition: The distinct style or personality of the narrator or speaker.

Example: The colloquial voice in Twain’s Huckleberry Finn (1884).

Exam Relevance: Asked in UGC NET and SET, linked to narrative style.

Originator: No single coiner; from literary criticism.

Famous Poets/Writers: Mark Twain, Toni Morrison.

Additional Details: Shapes authenticity. Exams test its role in novels. Key texts include Beloved.

Why These Terms Matter for Competitive Exams

These literary definitions and poetry terms are crucial for UGC NET, SET, PGT, TGT, and other exams, appearing in:

  • Poetry Analysis: Terms like metaphor or villanelle in Keats or Thomas.
  • Drama: Catharsis or tragedy in Shakespeare or Sophocles.
  • Novels: Stream of consciousness or voice in Woolf or Twain.
  • Rhetoric: Anaphora or antithesis in Dickens or King’s speeches.

Master these types of literary terms for MCQs, essays, and short answers.

Tips to Use This Guide

  1. Create flashcards for terms like anacoluthon or kenning.
  2. Apply to texts (e.g., find imagery in Wordsworth).
  3. Check syllabi for focus areas (e.g., UGC NET’s poetry section).
  4. Practice mock MCQs.
  5. Read primary texts like Paradise Lost or The Waste Land.

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